The unlikely heroes of India’s electric vehicles revolution

Ten years ago, India’s streets were filled with diesel-powered auto-rickshaws, contributing significantly to air pollution. Battery-powered rickshaws were scarce, with just 12 sold nationwide in 2014, often seen as a novelty rather than a serious alternative.
Today, electric three-wheelers have made a big impact. India has overtaken China to become the largest market for electric three-wheelers, with over 580,000 sales recorded in 2023, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Why E-Rickshaws and E-Autos Matter
India faces significant environmental challenges, contributing around 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon annually, about 7% of global emissions. Nearly 40% of the country’s pollution comes from vehicles, making it essential to shift to electric vehicles (EVs) to improve air quality and reduce harmful emissions like volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which pose serious health risks.
E-rickshaws and e-autos are at the forefront of this change. By replacing diesel and petrol engines, these electric vehicles help reduce pollution while cutting the country’s reliance on imported fossil fuels. Several states have embraced this shift, with over 20 Indian states drafting policies to promote EV adoption and establish a strong ecosystem for their development.
The Rise of E-Rickshaws and E-Autos
The growth of e-rickshaws has been remarkable. In 2024, the market for e-rickshaws is expected to reach USD 1.15 billion, projected to grow to USD 2.81 billion by 2029 (Mordor Intelligence). These electric three-wheelers have become a reliable mode of transportation due to their affordability, ease of maintenance, and lower operational costs compared to fuel-based vehicles.
E-rickshaws have made urban commuting easier, especially in congested areas where their compact size and maneuverability offer an advantage. The government has provided subsidies, tax benefits, and policies aimed at expanding EV adoption, including improving charging infrastructure. Drivers also benefit from lower fuel and maintenance costs, making e-rickshaws an attractive option.
E-autos, on the other hand, cater to a broader range of transport needs, offering more space and power for longer routes. They are gaining traction in both urban and semi-urban regions, where there is increasing demand for sustainable public transport options.
Regional Adoption and Growth
Some states have become hotspots for e-rickshaw and e-auto adoption. Uttar Pradesh leads with 4.53 lakh e-rickshaws on the road, followed by Delhi with 1.41 lakh. These regions, along with states like Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam, have driven the rapid growth of electric three-wheelers, with the total number nearing 9 lakh across the country.
The adoption is not limited to major cities. Tier-2 cities and rural-urban fringe areas are seeing increased demand as e-rickshaws and e-autos provide a more affordable and accessible alternative for transportation.
Overcoming Challenges
Despite the rapid growth, challenges remain. One of the key issues is the lack of standardization in terms of safety and quality. Many e-rickshaws and e-autos on the road are of subpar quality, which raises safety concerns and impacts market trust. This creates an opportunity for manufacturers to improve vehicle design and build reliability, gaining a competitive edge in the process.
Another significant challenge is the limited charging infrastructure, especially in rural areas. While progress has been made in setting up charging stations, more needs to be done. Collaborations between the government and private players will be crucial in expanding charging networks and making it easier for drivers to switch to EVs.
As the market for e-rickshaws and e-autos matures, there will be a greater focus on improving battery life, safety standards, and reliability. Manufacturers that prioritize these areas will stand out. The government will continue to play a role by offering financial incentives and investing in the necessary infrastructure.
E-rickshaws and e-autos are central to India’s EV movement. They provide an affordable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional vehicles, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and contribute to making Indian cities cleaner and more livable.
Author is Co-founder & CEO, Udaan E Vehicles