Both Vivekananda and Ranganathananda bridged the Cartesian divide between science and religion.
The Bharatiya narrative architecture perceives knowledge as holistic and not in binaries of the Cartesian Divide, where the pursuit of science and technology was closely entwined with spirituality. There was no opposition between the Hindu way of life and the pursuit of knowledge. It was never in the binaries of science versus religion, it is science and religion. Temples were built scientifically with amazing technological skills. One sees the engineering marvels and scientific facts in many of temple architecture, which needs much systematic research.
There is a connection of science of the individual from within and without, the environment and the cosmos. Since outlining the visionary agendas of Amrit Kaal and, more recently, Vikasit Bharat 2047, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been insistent on ideas and themes aimed at transforming India into a developed nation. The government has undertaken multiple policies and initiatives to pursue these objectives. For the realization of the Amrit Kaal in Vikasit Bharat 2047 is the development of the Bharatiya narrative architecture through its Gyan Parampara or knowledge systems is an imperative.
UNDERSTANDING BHARATIYA GYAN PARAMPARA
In its primary sense, the Indian knowledge system (IKS) or Bharatiya Gyan Parampara seeks to transmit ancient knowledge and traditions into modern contexts for appropriate integration in contemporary applications. This approach entails acknowledging the wisdom of the past, drawing inspiration and lessons from it while preserving India’s rich heritage. Indeed, IKS encompasses a broad spectrum of works that can be viewed through the lens of both sciences and spirituality. However, what distinguishes IKS is its holistic perspective, where neat categorisations are often transcended.
India’s contributions to various fields are immense and diverse, including architecture, astronomy, physics, engineering, fine arts, mathematics, metallurgy, medical science, surgery, navigation, and yoga. The philosophical contributions are equally enormous, extolling on the role of humans in society, the proper conduct of life, and their place in nature. Central to these philosophies is aligning oneself with the Panchbhoots, or the five elements of nature. This holistic approach underscores the interconnectedness of all aspects of existence and the importance of harmony with the natural world. For these reasons, IKS has become invaluable, and their dissemination to the public, particularly to the youth, has become essential.
The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recognises this and is working on its inclusion into the curriculum so that the youth can become aware of India’s profound heritage of wisdom and knowledge practices. However, historians and intellectuals have fallen short in promoting the IKS, dispelling misconceptions about it, and giving due respect to the vast heritage neglected and sometimes denigrated due to a colonial mindset. In service of these efforts, let us examine Swami Vivekananda’s and Swami Ranganathananda’s contributions to understanding and appreciating the IKS.
BLENDING SCIENCE WITH SPIRITUALITY
The two doyens exemplify through their work how science and spirituality need not be antithetical but can be harmonious. They represent the essence of IKS by not accepting the knowledge of the past as given and unchangeable, which is a hallmark of the education system in Indian traditions. Everything, including the idea religion, rituals and practices, has to undergo rigorous examination through the traditions of Tarka (logic).
Vivekananda believed that science explored the external world, uncovering the laws of nature, while spirituality delved into the inner realms of consciousness, unveiling the mysteries of the self and the universe. In his view, a holistic approach to knowledge was necessary, embracing both empirical investigation and inner exploration. He encouraged scientists and spiritual seekers alike to broaden their perspectives and engage in a dialogue transcending disciplinary boundaries.
Likewise, Swami Ranganathananda fervently endeavoured to mend the apparent schism between science and spirituality, championing a harmonious alliance between the two realms. With an astute appreciation for scientific inquiry, he upheld that spirituality played a complementary role in grappling with existential inquiries and delving into the profound depths of the human experience. Embracing both domains is essential to comprehensively world around us and our place within it.
NEW INPUTS FROM PAST KNOWLEDGE
Vivekananda blended religion with nationalism and applied this reinterpretation to various aspects of education and faith. He synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu thought, most notably classical yoga and Advaita Vedanta. His beliefs were not based on blind worship but on learning that evolved over his lifetime. They were shaped by concepts like Brahmo Samaj, which included belief in a shapeless God. Similarly, Swami Ranganathananda did not confine himself to developing spiritual ideas alone but sought to bring practical applications of ancient wisdom into modern contexts. His lecture series throughout the Western hemisphere centred around this idea.
Furthermore, Swami Vivekananda and Ranganathananda promoted and emphasised the fundamental ideas of character building and co-existence within Indian society. The understanding is that although human is a social being and lives and works in society, before an individual can contribute to the reordering of society, they must first attain specific characteristics and undergo self-development. Looking back at traditional heritage to provide suggestions for the contemporary period is precisely the role of education. The notion that social evils can be fought by individuals professing spirituality may not feel congruent to many who follow Western philosophies. Still, in India, spirituality has a higher essence of bringing harmony and justice to society.
While India’s pursuit of becoming a developed nation is marked by visionary agendas and advanced discussions, IKS is a crucial yet often overlooked pillar in this journey. Recognising the wisdom of the past and integrating it into modern contexts through education and societal engagement can significantly contribute to India’s development goals. Swami Vivekananda and Ranganathananda serve as exemplars of blending science with spirituality, advocating for a holistic understanding of existence. Embracing IKS preserves India’s rich heritage and fosters a deeper connection with nature and society, which is essential for shaping a sustainable and inclusive future for the nation.
Both Vivekananda and Ranganathananda bridged the Cartesian divide between science and religion. Talking about this, Swami Vivekananda said, “Science is nothing but the finding of unity”. It matters little what we call that state of unity, but the fact remains that the goal of all knowledge, philosophy, science, religion, and in fact the goal of all endeavours is to find that unity. Consciously or unconsciously, we are all moving towards that grand unification only. In the Bharatiya narrative architecture there is no Cartesian divide but opting for the right balance between religion, spirituality and science, one can bring a high level of synergy in life. It is not either/or but a balance and harmony with the entire cosmos.
Prof Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit is the Vice-Chancellor of JNU.