The G20 Summit serves as a reminder that in an increasingly interconnected world, our collective well-being depends on recognising our shared humanity and working together for a better future.
While addressing the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on 25 September 2021, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted India as the “Mother of Democracy”. In a momentous declaration, he underscored India’s deep-rooted democratic heritage which ensures that no individual is marginalised—as a foundational cornerstone of India’s democratic ethos. By affirming India’s enduring democratic tradition, he sought to present India as a torchbearer of democratic values. His assertion is primarily speaks of the fact that the basic rubric of India’s democracy is the amalgamation of values and principles that are churned from a thousand years of her civilizational journey.
One of the most fundamental attributes of democracy is the idea of elected representation and this idea is significantly present in the classical Indian society. While going through the pages of Vedic literature, one can find the words samiti and sabha signifying “meeting together” or more specifically an “assembly” where political as well as non-political affairs were discussed in complete harmony. The key function of a samiti was to elect and re-elect the Rajan (king)—visastva sarva vanchantu (Rig Veda X.173.1). This power of electing the Rajan evidently positions samiti as a constitution body in modern terminology. Sabha was another important component of the classical Indian society which was considered as a sister of samiti. Samiti and sabha thus, were the elected body formed with the certain principle of representation. They are one of the most ancient institutions evolved in early India to run a collective life. Desire for unity, equality, and mutual harmony are the fulcrum of Indian democracy and it is astonishing to see when Vedic rsis sing sam gacchadhvam sam vadadhvam sam vo manasi janatam, deva bhagam yatha purve sanjanana upasate—i.e., let we proceed together, speak together, our minds be in accord as the gods in ancient times received their portions. This mantra verily is the archway of Indian civilization and democracy in particular. The emergence of samiti and sabha in Vedic society and the development of more complex systems like gana, sangh and sreni thereafter display the democratic spirit and consciousness of the country. Subsequently, during the era of Buddha, the rise of potent republics (ganatantra) such as Vajji, Sakya, Koliyas, Moriyas, etc., operated as non-monarchical self-governing entities, often referred to as republics, showcased the earliest expressions of self-governance and elective leadership in ancient India. Central to these ancient Indian republics were fundamental principles rooted in dharmic traditions, fostering inclusiveness, diversity, and self-governance. The democratic spirit of these societies rested upon a foundation that respected individual rights, allowed for participation from various segments of the population, and promoted collective decision-making. This inclination towards democratic governance manifested in organising assemblies, councils, and systems that facilitated discussions, debates, and the selection of leaders through participatory processes. These democratic spirits were upheld even in later ages during the Gupta period and subsequent ages, as village affairs were managed by local body elements such as Panchayats.
The democratic principles exemplified by the ancient Indian republics were a testament to their remarkable ability to harmonize diverse voices and accommodate differing viewpoints. The governance structures readily allowed for open discussions, debates, and deliberations. Citizens were encouraged to voice their opinions and engage in discourse to arrive at collective decisions. This approach facilitated the harmonization of diverse voices and ensured that the concerns and aspirations of different segments of the population were taken into account.
In the early medieval period, local self-governments flourished as a hallmark of governance under the rule of various dynasties, notably the Guptas, Pandyans, Cholas, and others. These dynasties played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of the region and in establishing administrative systems that encouraged decentralisation and local participation. The Cholas, in particular, are celebrated for their advanced administrative and governance structures. They recognised the importance of allowing local communities to govern their own affairs, a principle that aligns closely with modern notions of local self-governance. Under the Chola administration, village communities were given a degree of autonomy, and elected officials played a crucial role in local governance.
Beyond institutional aspects, the spiritual underpinning of Ekam Sad Vipra Bahudha Vadanti, translating to “the truth is one, communicated in different forms” further enriches India’s democratic fabric of universal acceptance. This profound philosophy reflects the robustness and vibrancy of Indian democracy, highlighting an approach that transcends borders and resonates with the broader global community. The theme of India’s G20 presidency is Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which serves as a beacon that illuminates the exceptional strength of India’s democratic principles. By embracing this principle, India underscores the interconnectedness of the world and the shared responsibilities of nations. This theme not only showcases India’s enduring commitment to democracy but also emphasises its willingness to extend its democratic values to the international stage, reinforcing the notion that collective collaboration is crucial for addressing global challenges.
India’s democracy has evolved into a multifaceted model characterised by decentralised power, inclusivity, judicial independence, and freedom of expression. Its democratic foundation, deeply rooted in both institutional mechanisms and individual thinking, has positioned India as a unique exemplar for the world. Various religious traditions originating in India talk about “God is one expressed in different ways”. This is verily a proclamation of freedom of choice.
In an era where the world faces numerous complex issues, India is portraying her strong belief in democratic traditions at the G20 Summit. It serves as a reminder that in an increasingly interconnected world, our collective well-being depends on recognising our shared humanity and working together for a better future.
As India assumes the role of “Mother of Democracy”, it accepts a unique responsibility to promote democratic principles that are not only rooted in history but also attuned to the evolving needs of the modern world. This narrative provides a framework for India to actively shape global discussions on democracy, development, and inclusivity, while simultaneously projecting its democratic journey as an example for others to emulate.
Prime Minister Modi’s concerted efforts to foreground this notion exemplify India’s ambition to reshape the global discourse surrounding democratic origins. By doing so, India aims to challenge prevailing perceptions and contribute to a more nuanced and diverse understanding of democracy’s evolution.
The recently built new Parliament building also marks a pivotal moment in India’s perceived democratic narrative. It signifies a continuation of the democratic consciousness that has evolved over millennia, adapting to the changing times while remaining rooted in age-old values. This exceptional edifice is a living testament to the vibrant spirit of democracy that courses through India’s historical journey. Its design and construction are a harmonious blend of various cultural influences, reflecting the multicultural tapestry that defines India. This blending of cultures signifies the inclusiveness that is fundamental to democracy—embracing diversity and uniting people under the common ideals of representation, participation, and collective decision-making.
In the G20 Summit India’s positioning as the Mother of Democracies is likely to play a significant role in shaping the summit’s agenda and discussions. This narrative aligns with India’s broader foreign policy objectives of promoting its democratic values, fostering international cooperation, and influencing global governance paradigms. Moreover, by foregrounding this concept, India aims to foster a sense of shared democratic heritage among the participating nations, potentially fostering a more collaborative and inclusive atmosphere during the summit.
Dr Sachchidanand Joshi is Member Secretary of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi.